Premchand ke Phate Joote

"Premchand ke Phate Joote" Hindi sahitya ka ek bahut hi behtareen aur gehra vyangya (satire) hai, jise mahan lekhak aur vyangyakar Harishankar Parsai ne likha hai. Yeh essay Munshi Premchand ki ek purani tasveer par aadharit hai. Is tasveer mein Premchand ji apni patni ke saath baithe hain. Unhone sadharan kurta aur dhoti pehna hua hai, sir par ek topi hai, aur pairo mein canvas ke joote hain. Sabse hairani ki baat yeh hai ki unke baayein (left) joote mein ek bada chhed hai, jisme se unki ungli bahar jhaank rahi hai. Is ek choti si detail ko pakad kar Harishankar Parsai ne samaj ke dikhawe (show-off culture) aur Premchand ke mahan, parantu sangharsh-bhare jeevan par ek master-piece likh diya. Parsai Ji ki Nazar Mein Phate Joote Ka Matlab Parsai ji sochte hain ki agar is aadmi ki photo khichwane ki poshak aisi hai, toh iski aam zindagi ki poshak kaisi hogi? Phir unhe ehsaas hota hai ki Premchand un logo mein se nahi the jo andar aur bahar se alag hote hain. Unme koi double-standards nahi the. Joote ka phatna is baat ka prateek (symbol) hai ki Premchand ne jeevan bhar samajik buraiyon, roodhiyo (orthodoxies) aur shoshan (exploitation) ko apne pairo se thokar maari hai. Parsai ji likhte hain ki raaste mein aane wale samajik buraiyon ke 'teele' (obstacles) se bachkar nikalne ke bajaye, Premchand ne un par thokar maari, jiski wajah se unka joota phat gaya. Unki tasveer ki muskurahat us samaj par ek teekha tanz (sarcasm) hai jo apni kamzoriyo aur buraiyon ko chhupane ke liye jhoothe dikhawe ka 'parda' daalta hai, par andar se khokhla ho chuka hai. Harishankar Parsai Aur Unka Sahitya (Works of Parsai) Is behtareen essay ko likhne wale Harishankar Parsai ji, Hindi sahitya ke sabse pramukh vyangyakar hain. Unhone Hindi mein vyangya (satire) ko ek aam hansi-mazak se utha kar ek serious aur sochne par majboor karne wali vidha (genre) bana diya. Parsai ji ne samaj, rajneeti, aur dharmik pakhand (hypocrisy) par khul kar vaar kiya. Parsai ji ki kuch sabse mashhoor rachnayen (works) is prakar hain: "Bholaram Ka Jeev": Yeh ek aisi amar kahani hai jo sarkaari daftar mein faile bhrashtachar, rishwatkhori aur red-tapism par karari chot karti hai. Bholaram ki aatma apne pension ke kagzaat mein atki reh jati hai. "Nithalle Ki Diary" aur "Awara Bheed Ke Khatre": Inme unhone samajik aur rajneetik sthitiyo par apne teekhe vichaar rakhe hain. "Vaishnav Ki Phislan": Yeh dharm aur aadarsh ke naam par hone wale vyapar aur pakhand ko ujagar karti hai. "Viklang Shraddha ka Daur" (Jiske liye unhe Sahitya Akademi Award mila): Is kitabo ke zariye Parsai ji ne badalti hui samajik vyavastha ki khol khol kar aalochna ki hai. Unka likhne ka andaaz seedha aur teekha hota tha. Wo logo ko hasate the, par wo hansi chubhne wali hoti thi kyunki wo hamari hi sachai hoti thi. Munshi Premchand Aur Unka Sahitya (Works of Premchand) Harishankar Parsai ne jiske baare mein yeh lekh likha, woh Munshi Premchand hain, jinhe Hindi aur Urdu sahitya ka "Upanyas Samrat" (Emperor of Novels) kaha jata hai. Premchand ka asli naam Dhanpat Rai tha. Jaisa unka sadharan pehnawa tha, waisi hi unki kahaniyan bhi thi—seedhi, sachi aur zameen se judi hui. Premchand se pehle sahitya mein sirf raja-rani ya jadui kahaniyan hoti thi. Premchand pehle shakhs the jinhone aam aadmi, kisan, mazdoor, aur auraton ke dukh-dard ko sahitya ka mukhya vishay (main subject) banaya. Premchand ke kuch sabse mahan aur amar works yeh hain: "Godan" (The Gift of a Cow): Yeh unka master-piece maana jata hai. Yeh Hori naam ke ek gareeb kisan ki kahani hai, jo ek gaay (cow) paalne ka sapna dekhta hai, par poori zindagi karze (debt) aur zamindaro ke shoshan ke tale dab kar guzar deta hai. Yeh Indian farming society ka sabse sacha document hai. "Gaban": Is upanyas mein Premchand ne dikhawe aur aabhushano (jewellery) ki lalasa mein ek middle-class aadmi ke bhrasht (corrupt) hone ki mansikta (psychology) likhi hai. "Karmabhoomi" aur "Rangbhoomi": In upanyaso mein unhone azadi ki ladai, achhooto (untouchables) ke adhikaar aur samajik kranti par zor diya. Surdas ka kirdaar (Rangbhoomi) unke sabse majboot characters mein se ek hai. Short Stories (Kahaniyan): Premchand ne lagbhag 300 kahaniyan likhi hain. "Idgah" (chote bache Hamid ka apni dadi ke liye mele se chimta kharidna), "Poos ki Raat" (ek kisan Halku, aur uske kutte Jhabra ki haad-kampane wali thand mein guzarne wali raat), "Kafan" (ghor gareebi mein insaan ki bhavnao ka mar jana aur peth ki bhookh ka sabse bada hona), aur "Panch Parmeshwar" (insaf aur dosti ka takrao) inme sabse zyada prasiddh hain. Unhone 'Soz-e-Watan' bhi likha tha jise British sarkar ne ban kar diya tha kyunki usme desh-bhakti thi.