Beyond the Pleasure Principle | हिंदी में

Insaan ka dimag kaise kaam karta hai, yeh vigyan aur psychology (manovigyan) ki duniya mein sabse bade sawalon mein se ek raha hai. Aam taur par, samaj mein yahi mana jata hai ki insaan ka har kadam apni khushi badhane aur dukh ko kam karne ke liye hota hai. Lekin, manushya ke vyavahar (behavior) mein ek bohut ajeeb uljhan hamesha se maujood rahi hai. Kabhi-kabhi insaan wahi purani galtiyan baar-baar dohrata hai, jinse use pehle chot lag chuki hoti hai. Ek chota bacha apne pasandida khilaune ko khud se door phenk kar rota hai, ya ek insaan apne hi banaye hue achche aur mazboot rishte ko achanak khud hi tod deta hai. Ye aisi aadatein hain jo khushi paane ke sadharan niyam ke bilkul khilaaf jati hain. Isi uljhan ne psychoanalysis ki neev rakhne wale Sigmund Freud ko ek nayi aur bilkul alag disha mein sochne par majboor kar diya. Saal 1920 se pehle, Sigmund Freud ki poori theory bohut sidhi aur saaf thi. Unka manna tha ki insaani dimag sirf ek hi buniyadi niyam par kaam karta hai, jise unhone "Pleasure Principle" (Khushi ka Siddhant) ka naam diya tha. Is niyam ka sidha sa matlab yeh hai ki humara dimag hamesha aisi sthiti (situation) dhoondhta hai jisse humein aaram aur mazaa mile. Dusri taraf, wo har us cheez se door bhagna chahta hai jo dukh, dard ya bechaini deti ho. Thand lagne par aag ke paas baithna, ya bhookh lagne par khana khana iske sabse aasan udaharan hain. Freud ki shuruati bees saalon ki mehnat isi ek baat par tiki thi ki insaan jo bhi sapne dekhta hai, jo ajeeb harkatein karta hai, ya jo bhi chah rakhta hai, wo aakhiri mein khushi paane ki hi ek koshish hoti hai. Duniya bhar ke psychologists ne bhi unki is baat ko ek pakka sach maan liya tha. Lekin, samay ke sath duniya mein kuch aisi ghatnayein hui jinhone is 'Pleasure Principle' ki sachaai par bade sawal khade kar diye. Jab Pehla Vishwayuddh (World War 1) khatam hua, to jo fauji yuddh ke maidan se wapas laute, unki mansik halat (mental condition) aam insaano jaisi nahi thi. Un faujiyon ko raat mein bohut darawne sapne aate the. Wo apne sapno mein baar-baar yuddh ke usi darawne maidan mein pahunch jate the, jahan unhone maut dekhi thi aur apne doston ko tadapte hue choda tha. In sapno se unhe koi aaram ya khushi nahi milti thi, balki wo darr kar cheekhte hue nind se jag jate the. Agar Freud ka purana niyam sach tha ki dimag sirf khushi dhoondhta hai, to in faujiyon ka dimag unhe baar-baar dukh dene wale yuddh ke sapne kyun dikha raha tha? Yeh ek aisi thos chot thi jo Freud ki purani theory se bilkul bhi mail nahi khati thi. Yuddh ke is asar ke alawa, Freud ne apne hi ghar mein ek aur dhyan kheenchne wali ghatna dekhi. Unka ek dedh saal ka chota pota (grandson) tha. Wo bacha apne bistar par akele ek khel khelta tha. Uske paas ek lakkad ka khilauna (spool) tha jisme ek lamba dhaga bandha hua tha. Bacha us khilaune ko bistar se bahar phenk deta aur apni totli bhasha mein kehta "Fort" (yani 'chala gaya'). Jab khilauna uski nazron se gayab ho jata, to bacha udas aur bechain ho jata. Phir wo dhaga kheench kar use wapas lata aur khush hokar kehta "Da" (yani 'yahan hai'). Freud ne is khel ko bohut dhyan se dekha aur hairan hue. Bacha khilaune ke door jane par dukh mehsoos karta tha, phir bhi wo baar-baar use khud se door phenk raha tha. Bacha jaan-boojh kar apni maa ke door jane ke dukh ko is chote se khel ke zariye baar-baar kyun dohra raha tha? Isi dauran, Freud ki apni niji zindagi (personal life) mein bhi bade sadme aa rahe the. Wo ab kareeb chausath (64) saal ke ho chuke the aur umar ka asar un par dikhne laga tha. Unke aas-paas ke log unse bichhad rahe the. Sabse bada aur gehra dukh unhe tab mila jab unki sabse pyari beti Sophie ki ek achanak aayi bimari se maut ho gayi. Is tabahi aur apne andar ke akelepan ne Freud ko zindagi aur maut ke bare mein aur gehrayi se sochne par majboor kar diya. Wo saaf dekh pa rahe the ki duniya mein dukh koi aisi cheez nahi hai jisse hamesha bacha ja sake. Unhe ehsaas hone laga ki insaan ke andar sirf jeene ki aur khush rehne ki chaah nahi hai, balki kahin na kahin tabahi aur maut ki taraf bhi ek ajeeb sa khinchav hai. Faujiyon ke darawne sapne, bache ka dukh dohrane wala ajeeb khel aur apni sagi beti ki maut—in sab cheezon ne Freud ko yeh kabool karne par majboor kar diya ki unki purani aur mashhoor theory poori tarah se sach nahi thi. Ek sache vidwan ki tarah, unhone apne hi banaye hue us niyam par sawal uthaya jise poori duniya ne maan liya tha. Unhe ehsaas hua ki 'Pleasure Principle' ke peeche aur uske bilkul paar, insaani dimag mein ek aur nayi taqat chupi hui hai. Yeh nayi taqat khushi paane ki chaah se bhi zyada purani, zyada gehri aur zyada takatwar hai, jo insaan ko baar-baar dard, dukh aur tabahi ki sthiti mein wapas kheench le jati hai. Insaani dimag ke andar chupi yeh kashish kya hai, aur yeh insaan se apni hi barbadi kyun karwati hai, yahi wo sawal tha jisne aage chalkar insaani dimag ko samajhne ka poora itihaas aur tareeqa hamesha ke liye badal diya.